Assessment of Shoreline Changes in the Period 1969-2010 in Watamuarea, Kenya
aerial photographs, arcgis, coastline, digital shoreline analysis system, satellite image, shoreline erosion, watamu, kenya
Abstract
Watamu coastlineis a major attraction site for tourist and also a source of income for the local people. However, the shoreline has been changing due to erosion. This study sought to find the trend of shoreline changes, and the factors attributed to the changes. Aerial photographs of 1969 and 1989 and a recent satellite image of 2010 wereused to digitize the shoreline.The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in ArcGIS environment was used to create transects and statistical analyses for the shoreline.Several GPS points were taken in October 2013 and 2014 during ground truthing following the High Water Mark (HWM). The 9.8 km long Watamu shoreline was divided in-to 245 transects with 40 meter spacing in order to calculate the change rates. The rates of shoreline change were calculated using the End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), and Weighted Linear Regression (WLR) statistic in DSAS.
Downloads
How to Cite
References
M Mwakumanya (2009) Beach Erosion Hazard Vulnerability Assessment of Bamburi Beach in Mombasa, Kenya. 12(3), 80-86.
M Borrelli (2009) 137 years of Shoreline Change in Pleasant Bay: 1868 -2005. 29.
Elizabeth Boak, Ian Turner (2005) Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review. 214, 688-703.
Del Río, F Laura, Gracia (2013) Error Determination in the Photogrammetric Assessment of Shoreline Changes. 65(3), 2385-2397.
Fadi Chaaban, Hanan Darwishe, Yvonne Battiau-Queney, Barbara Louche, Eric Masson, Jamal Khattabi, Erick Carlier (2012) Using ArcGIS® Modelbuilder and Aerial Photographs to Measure Coastline Retreat and Advance: North of France. 285(6), 1567-1579.
C Fletcher, B Romine, A Genz, M Barbee, Dyer, Anderson Matthew, T Lim, S Vitousek, Sean, Christopher Bochicchio, B Richmond (2012) National Assessment of Shoreline Change: Historical Change in the Hawaiian Island: U.S. Geological Survey. 55.
(2010) Shoreline Management Strategy for Kenya, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). 87.
Edwin Baluku, Adson Tumwebaze, Dennis Twinomujuni, Francis Ogwal Sabino, Richard Komakech (2010) CAUGHT IN THE PLASTIC TRAP: UNDERSTANDING THE OBSTACLES TO COMBATING PLASTIC POLLUTION IN UGANDA. A REVIEW. 09(02), 01-07.
Cheryl Hapke, Emily Himmelstoss, Meredith Kratzmann, Jeffrey List, E Thieler (2010) National Assessment of Shoreline Change; historical shoreline change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic coasts. 57.
D Hanslow (2007) Beach Erosion Trend Measurement: A Comparison of Trend Indicators. 50(sp1), 588-593.
J Hoorweg, N Muthiga (2009) Advances in Coastal Ecology People, processes and ecosystems in Kenya. 20, 2300.
Sarec (1994) Planning Workshop on an Integrated Approach to Coastal Erosion. Sea level change and their impacts. Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. 17-21.
Juan Camilo Restrepo, Luis Otero, Alejandra, Catalina Casas, Alejandro, Julio Guterrez (2012) Shoreline Changes Between 1954 and 2007 in the Marine Protected Area Of the Rosario Island Archipelago (Caribbean of Colombia). 69, 133-142.
K Kairu, N Nyandwi (2000) Guidelines for the Study of Shoreline Change in the Western Indian Ocean Region IOC Manuals and Guides. 40.
K Addo, P Jayson Quashigah, K Kufogbe (2011) Quantitative Analysis of Shoreline Change Using Medium Resolution Satellite Imagery in Keta, Ghana.
Bruce Keqizhang, Stephen Douglas, Leatherman (2004) Global warming and Coastal Erosion. 64, 41-58.
P Limber, J List, J Warren (2007) Investigating Methods of Mean High Water Shorelines from Lidar Data and the Relationship between Photo-derived and Datum-based Shoreline in North Carolina.
Mark Crowell, Stephen Leatherman, Michael Buckley (1991) Historical shoreline Change: Error Analysis and mapping Accuracy. 7(3), 839-852.
Matthew Richmond (1997) A Guide to The Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands.
Laura Moore, Peter Ruggiero, Jeffrey List (2006) Comparing Mean High Water and High Water Line Shorelines: Should Proxy-Datum Offsets be Incorporated into Shoreline Change Analysis?. 224(4), 894-905.
E Thieler, Emily Himmelstoss, Jessica Zichichi, Ayhan Ergul (2009) The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 4.0 - An ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change.
S Paterson, A O'donnell, D Loomis, P Hom (1003) The Social and Economic Effects of Shoreline Change: North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes Regional Overview.
calculating shoreline change.
John Tychsen, Ole Geertz-Hansen, Jesper Kofoed (2006) KenSea - development of an environmental sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya. 10, 65-70.
Boniface Wekesa, Mouna Chambon (2014) Sustainable Tourism as a Tool for Marine Restoration and Conservation: The Case of the Malindi Watamu- Arabuko Sokoke Biosphere Reserve, Kenya.
Benjamin Gutierrez, Sara Zeigler, Erika Lentz (2009) USING LINKED BAYESIAN NETWORKS TO PREDICT SEA-LEVEL RISE-DRIVEN GEOMORPHOLOGIC CHANGES TO CRITICAL BARRIER-ISLAND HABITAT. 77.
Mark Amaral (2010) Initiating Coastal Management in Kenya and Zanzibar, Tanzania: a strategic approach. 00.
Published
2015-01-19
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.