\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{1970-01-01 (revised: 01 January 1970)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{1970-01-01}
\title{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{  Umakanthan}

             \author[2]{Madhu  Mathi}

             \author[3]{  Umadevi}

             \author[4]{  Sivaramakrishnan}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Efficient utilization of available resources is a promising research direction. In-depth studies can provide a unique platform for reducing fuel consumption while simultaneously reducing pollution, thereby avoiding environmental pollution and health hazards for this purpose various fuel addictive are being used now.  A laser additive for liquid and gaseous fuel is yet to be developed. In this context, we successfully used the 2-6 mid-infrared spectrum as a fuel additive. To generate mid-infrared we invented a hand-lit pocket-size mid-infrared generating automizer (MIRGA). The trial fuels were irradiated with this spectral range, which caused chemical changes in the fuels. MIRGA irritated gasoline and diesel consumption was reduced by 30-50% and 12-58% respectively. Also the emission by 1-62% and 1-68% respectively depending on the engine model. The irradiated liquified petroleum gas had extended utility days by 28 - 35% and gasoline power generators showed 28 % more electricity generation. These results were compared with non-irradiated fuels. This technology is safe, simple to implement at both the manufacturer and consumer levels, and cost-effective. This work demonstrates the MIRGA technology as an intriguing playground for revealing the effects of MIR on fuel chemistry, and the benefits are discussed here

\end{abstract}


\keywords{mid-infrared ray â??" fuels â??" irradiation- consumption â??" pollution â??" reduction â??" safe â??" economical â??" resource saving}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm)
{{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}}
\end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
ow, the automobile industry's urgent need is that internal combustion engines should consume less fuel produce more power, and also emit less pollutants \hyperref[b0]{(Krishania et al., 2020)}. On the contrary, emerging volatile fuel prices, economic policies, and war increased the number of vehicles and roads, thereby increasing pollution. The primary sources of air pollution are motor vehicle emissions and fossil fuel combustion \hyperref[b1]{(Kalghatgi et al., 2016)}. Comparatively diesel engines emit massive quantities of pollution which causes serious health (Dizziness to lung cancer) and environmental (global warming and acid rain, smog, etc.) hazards \hyperref[b2]{(Abdellatief et al., 2021;}\hyperref[b3]{Daud et al., 2022)}. In spite of stringent measures, automobile pollution is a big challenge to our new technical world \hyperref[b4]{(Zhang et al., 2020)}. To overcome the hazards fuel component alteration, especially varieties of additives are in use but are to be improved.\par
The most used liquid fuels include diesel, gasoline, and kerosene. In developing countries, the most important household fuel is kerosene \hyperref[b5]{(Lam et al., 2012)}, contributing to the 4.3 million deaths that occur due to household air pollution (HAP) \hyperref[b6]{(Collins, 2014)}. Like other fuels, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), an alternative fuel, has dynamic price increases and supply associated with high demand (Grand View  {\ref Research, 2016)}.\par
Our technology of employing mid-IR is one of the new ways to overcome the said problems. Infrared wavelength is essential for earthly molecules. Daily received 66\% of the sun's radiant energy is infrared \hyperref[b8]{(Aboud et al., 2019)}. In the infrared spectrum midinfrared (mid-IR) is the safest range \hyperref[b9]{(Prasad, 2005;}\hyperref[b10]{Pereira et al., 2011)} which penetrates most obscurants and coincides with nearly all molecules of Earth \hyperref[b11]{(Waynant et al., 2001;}\hyperref[b12]{Toor et al., 2018)}, cause chemical bond changes, hence target substance's (fuels) physicochemical property alteration \hyperref[b11]{(Waynant et al., 2001;}\hyperref[b13]{Tsai et al., 2017)}. We have invented a mid-infrared generating atomizer (MIRGA). In field and laboratory conditions, the tanked liquid and gaseous fuels were subjected to MIRGA irradiation. Their favorable efficiency and results are compared with the control (non-irradiated) and detailed here. We have also subjected the irradiated and non-irradiated fuels to instrumentations such as GC-MS, NMR, and FTIR and compared. Herein, we show that the comparatively MIRGA platform is safe, cost-effective, easy to use, and eco-friendly. Review literature showed that this laser fuel additive technology is the first of its kind to generate significant results. 
\section[{II. Materials and Methods a) Design of Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer (MIRGA}]{II. Materials and Methods a) Design of Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer (MIRGA}\par
MIRGA (patent no. 401387) is a 20-ml capacity polypropylene plastic atomizer containing a water-based inorganic solution (molar mass 118.44 g/mol) (containing approximately two sextillion cations and three sextillion anions). The atomizer has dimensions of 86 x 55 x 11 mm, an orifice diameter of 0.375 mm, an ejection volume of 0.062 ± 0.005 ml, an ejection time of 0.2 s, an average pressure of 3900 pascals, and a cone liquid back pressure of 2000 N/m2 (Fig.  {\ref 1}). Design of the MIRGA and emission of 2-6µm mid-IR has been presented in detail by  {\ref Umakanthan et al., 2022a}  The inorganic chemicals used in generation of mid-infrared are a perspective for biomedical applications \hyperref[b18]{(Tishkevich et al., 2019;}\hyperref[b19]{Dukenbayev et al., 2019)}. This new method of synthesis the functional materials (mid-infrared)  {\ref (Kozlovskiy et al., 2021;}\hyperref[b22]{El-Shater et al., 2022)}. Different chemicals with excellent electronic properties leads to new composite material and has attracted great technological intrest now  {\ref (Kozlovskiy \& Zdorovets, 2021;}\hyperref[b23]{Almessiere et al., 2022)}.\par
During spraying, approximately 1 ?g of water as mist is lost, and the non-volatile material in the sprayed liquid is 153 mg/ml. Depending on the pressure (varies with the user) applied to the plunger, every spray is designed to generate 2-6 µm mid-IR (Fig.  {\ref 2})  {\ref (Umakanthan et al., 2022a)}. Each spray emits 0.06 ml of solution, which contains approximately seven quintillion cations and eleven quintillion anions. 
\section[{b) Method of Mirga Spraying}]{b) Method of Mirga Spraying}\par
The spraying should be done from the fuel tank mouth towards the fuel. This distance is essential for the MIRGA-sprayed solution to form ion clouds, to and fro oscillations, and generate mid-IR. The generated mid-IR can penetrate the intervening material-In an LPG iron cylinder-and act on the fuel contents inside (Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{3a}, Fig.  {\ref 3b}) (Method of MIRGA spraying presented in Supplementary video V1).  
\section[{c) Vehicles Employed in the Study}]{c) Vehicles Employed in the Study}\par
Two, three, and four-wheeled vehicles, as well as multi-axle vehicles, of different brands, models, cylinders, horsepower, and manufacturing years, were employed. Nearly 500 such vehicles that have been operating on the road for more than a decade were tested with commercially available liquid fuels.\par
Kerosene-based equipment, viz., power generators, old model engines, and traditional lamps, was also filled with commercially available kerosene and tested. Commercial gasoline power generators and domestic LPG cylinders (14.2 kg) with stove burners were employed. The expert panel was comprised of 65 housewives (n = 65). LPG experts from refineries also contributed to their outside opinion.\par
Diesel, gasoline, and kerosene samples were all taken from the same brand and batch, and different brands and batches were never mixed. 
\section[{d) Instrumentations Employed in the Study}]{d) Instrumentations Employed in the Study}\par
Response variables and instruments included: Chemical compound transformation -Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Chemical bond changes -Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); and Nuclear resonances -Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). 
\section[{GC-MS:}]{GC-MS:}\par
Agilent technologies, 7820 GC system, 5977E MSD, Colomn DB-5, Over temperature 100-270 0 C, Detector MS, Flow rate of 1.2, Carrier gas used was Helium.\par
FTIR: IR AFFINITY I -FTIR Spectrophotometer, FTIR 7600, Shimadzu 1H-NMR: The 1 H NMR spectra of the compounds were performed on a 500 MHz Bruker AVANCE III spectrometer operating at 500.13 MHz, using a 5-mm broad band (BBO) probe equipped with a z-gradient coil Trials -The protocol was the same as that of control, including the same vehicle. However, after filling with fuel before capping, MIRGA was sprayed into the tank via its mouth (then the tank was capped). The number of sprayings corresponding to the fuel was based on previous trial and error. For two and three-wheelers of below 20 liters of fuel -1 spray for every 4 liters; for cars and SUVs of below 100 liters -1 spray for every 10 liters; for heavy vehicles of above 100 liters -1 spray for every 14 liters. The number of sprayings also depends on the engine model; usually, the estimated number may vary by one or two sprayings. 
\section[{ii. Method II}]{ii. Method II}\par
The same protocol as in Method I was followed in 35 and 40 table-mounted various brands of diesel and gasoline engines at laboratories and academic institutions, respectively. 
\section[{b) Kerosene Trial}]{b) Kerosene Trial} 
\section[{i.}]{i.}\par
Method I Each equipment's kerosene tank was filled with a specific brand and quantity of kerosene, and then it ran until the kerosene was exhausted and the running time was recorded (control group). For trials, after filling the same tank with the same brand and quantity of kerosene, MIRGA was sprayed into the tank via its mouth, and the same methods as the control were followed. The running times of control and trial were compared. The number of sprayings is as follows: 2 litres -1 spray 4-5 litres -2 sprays 5-7 litres -3 sprays 7-10 litres -4 sprays ii. Method II\par
The same method was used in 12 tablemounted kerosene engines in labs and academic institutions. 
\section[{c) Electricity Trial}]{c) Electricity Trial}\par
Control: The power generator was connected to a bottle containing 100 ml of gasoline and ran until it shut down automatically.\par
Trials: The same power generator was connected to the same bottle containing 100 ml of 1 MIRGA-sprayed gasoline and ran until it automatically stopped (first trial). Like this, in the second trial, 2 sprayings of 100 ml of gasoline in the same bottle ran until they automatically stopped. Then, in the third trial, 3 sprayings of 100 ml of gasoline in the same bottle were run until it automatically stopped.\par
In control and trials, time of running, power output, watt-hour (Wh), and kilowatt-hours (kWh) were calculated.\par
Though we used a variety of branded thermal (gasoline) power generators, the one that generated 28\% more electricity (model Z 36Z RO; model name EP1000; type RD) is discussed here. A 200-watt bulb was the load given to this generator. The marketed gasoline (petrol) was used as a thermal power source. For each control and trial study, the same brand and source of gasoline were used, i.e., for every trial (1 control and 3 trials), 5 liters of gasoline were kept as the source. 
\section[{d) LPG Trial i. Method I -Field trial}]{d) LPG Trial i. Method I -Field trial}\par
This method was tested for almost 5 years using nearly 800 LPG domestic cylinders in houses, hostels, hotels, and mass kitchens.\par
Control: A new domestic LPG cylinder was connected to a stove, the regulator knob was kept in "ON" mode, gas was lit, and then the burning flame color, density, height, and calorific value were all measured. It was then left for the consumer's routine use.\par
Trial: A domestic LPG cylinder was connected to a stove, and the same parameters as the control were measured. While the flame was burning, MIRGA was sprayed continuously 6 times around the cylinder from a distance of 0.25-0.50 m. Then, burning flame color, density, height, and calorific value were measured, and it was then left for consumers' routine use. The control and trial cylinders' performance parameters were recorded and compared.\par
During our study, we increased the spraying number incrementally from 1 to 20. The trails were repeated several times, and 6 sprayings were found to be optimal for 14.2 kg and 9 sprayings for 19.5 kg LPG capacity cylinders. 
\section[{i. Method II -Laboratory trial}]{i. Method II -Laboratory trial}\par
A non-sprayed (control) and 6 time-sprayed LPG cylinders (trials of same brand and weight) were simultaneously lit, and the regulator knobs were kept in ON mode and let to continuously burn until gas 
\section[{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}]{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 
\section[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}\par
exhausted and flames were lost. During burning, the flames' parameters were recorded. This was repeated 6 times with 12 cylinders from the same batch. The temperatures of small and large flames before and after spraying were also measured and compared. 
\section[{e) Instrumentation Sampling Technique}]{e) Instrumentation Sampling Technique}\par
To identify the chemical changes happening for every MIRGA spray, various instrumentations were performed. For this purpose, 4 samples of diesel and gasoline each 100 ml were taken. One formed a nonsprayed control; the other 3 trial samples correspondingly received 1, 2, and 3 sprayings. For kerosene, 5 samples were taken: one non-sprayed control and the other 4 trial samples correspondingly received 1, 2, 3, and 4 sprayings. 
\section[{IV. Results}]{IV. Results} 
\section[{a) Diesel and Gasoline}]{a) Diesel and Gasoline}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} and 2 respectively shows that the MIRGA irradiated diesel and gasoline has resulted in significantly reduced consumption and exhaust emissions besides reducing engine noise and smooth running within 5 minutes of on the road.  Gasoline (control) = 0.574 kWh power generation MIRGA treated Gasoline = 0.736 kWh power generation Difference = 0.162 kWh power generation 
\section[{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}]{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 
\section[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_4]{3} illustrates that the 1 sprayed gasoline produced 28\% more electricity compared to the control. The 2 and 3 sprayed samples generated less than 28\% electricity.\par
Tables \hyperref[tab_2]{1,}\hyperref[tab_3]{2}, and 3 demonstrated the benefits of 2-6 ?m mid-IR on liquid fuels. 
\section[{d) For LPG}]{d) For LPG}\par
In trial cylinders after 6 sprayings, between 7 and 60 seconds the flame became dense, rose in height, and turned completely yellow (indication of MIRGA's action on LPG). This burning phenomenon was found to be not soot radiation emission because this occurred only when spraying was done on the trialed cylinders (some control and trial cylinders during burning showed very mild occasional soot radiation emission). After use, when cylinders are exhausted the duration of burning is calculated and compared between trial and control. In the trailed cylinders 28-35\% reduction in LPG fuel consumption was recorded (i.e. approximately a 30\% utility time increase) with no apparent pollution.\par
Six MIRGA sprayings given once were enough until a cylinder was exhausted and effects were found to have retained in LPG for 30-34 months (depending on the brand).   From Table \hyperref[tab_5]{4}, compared to the non-sprayed cylinder, the sprayed LPG cylinder's large-sized burner flame temperature was found to be increased viz., elliptical flame 16\% and whole flame 60\%, and linear flame -2\%. (Fig. \hyperref[fig_3]{4a}).\par
Compared to the non-sprayed cylinder, the sprayed LPG cylinder's small-sized burner flame temperature was found to be increased viz., elliptical flame 73\%, linear flame 110\%, and whole flame 62\%. (Fig. \hyperref[fig_4]{4b}).\par
For the LPG field trial, please view: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1r-no1OfoxaOD\textunderscore VV7fvuscJ5Yj-aGXP\textunderscore n/view V. Instrumentation Results 
\section[{(Raw data files of instrumentations for Diesel, Gasoline and Kerosene presented in Supplementary data D1). a) GC-MS i. GCMS -diesel}]{(Raw data files of instrumentations for Diesel, Gasoline and Kerosene presented in Supplementary data D1). a) GC-MS i. GCMS -diesel}\par
The control sample contained typical hydrocarbon components like Decane, Undecane, Tridecane, Tetradecane, Pentadecane, Hexadecane, Heptadecane, Octadecane, Nonadecane, Eicosane, Heneicosane, and Tetracosane. These peaks (with comparatively low content) were also presented in all the sprayed samples suggesting that the diesel samples have not changed their principle components after spraying. However, each spraying has generated a new unique peak in each sample and is responsible for corresponding changes. One sprayed sample has shown a unique peak of Tridecane, 6-cyclohexyl, while 2 sprayed samples have shown Pentacosane as a unique peak, and 1-H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro-4,7-dimethyl was the unique peak for 3 sprayed samples. (Fig.  {\ref 5a}) 
\section[{ii. GC-MS -gasoline}]{ii. GC-MS -gasoline}\par
The control sample contains components like Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl, Benzene, 1, 2, 3-trimethyl, Indane, o-cymene, and Oleic acid as major products. The peak of Benzene, 1, 2, 3-trimethyl (high in content) was also presented in all the sprayed samples suggesting that the petrol samples have undergone considerable changes its components after spraying. Additionally, spraying has generated several new unique peaks Naphthalene, 1-methyl, Indane, 1-methyl, etc. in a respective sample and is responsible for corresponding changes. The 1 sprayed sample has shown an increase in the peak of O-Cymene, Indane, etc., while 2 sprayed samples showed Naphthalene as a unique peak and Naphthalene, 1-methyl, and Indane, 1-methyl were unique peaks for 3 sprayed samples. (Fig.  {\ref 5b})\par
iii. 
\section[{GC-MS -Kerosene}]{GC-MS -Kerosene}\par
The kerosene control sample contained typical components like Decane derivative, Undecane, Dodecane, Nanone derivative, Triodecane, Tetradecane, Pentdecane, Hexdecane, etc. All these peaks (with comparatively low and high content) were also presented in all the sprayed samples suggesting that the kerosene samples have undergone considerable changes in their components after spraying. Additionally, all the sprayings have generated several new unique peaks like Decane, 3-methyl, Tridecane, 7methyl, 1-hexadecanol, and 1-hexadecanolin a respective sample and could be responsible for corresponding changes. The 1 sprayed sample showed unique of Dodecane and Tridecane, 7-methyl-while 2 sprayed sample showed a higher peak of Decane, 2methyl and Undecane, 2,6-dimethyl than control and Decane, 3,6-dimethyl was a unique peak in 3 sprayed sample. (Fig.  {\ref 5c}) b) FTIR 
\section[{i. FTIR -Diesel}]{i. FTIR -Diesel}\par
The main bands of the spectra originated from saturated, aliphatic compounds as they represent most of the molecules present in the sample. These bands (the ones between 3000-2800 cm -1 , and the ones between 1450-1350 cm -1 ) show very similar transmittance values in control, 1, and 3 sprayed samples, pointing to comparable concentrations. In 2 sprayed samples, those bands show a significantly higher transmittance (lower absorption), indicative of a lower concentration of the molecules contributing to them. Regarding the transmittance of the baseline, behind which some bands coming from minor components are present, the absorption (concentration) decreases following this order: 1 sprayed > control > 3 sprayed > 2 sprayed. This observation indicates that 1 spraying causes an augmentation in the concentration of some components of the sample. However, upon successive sprayings a reduction of the concentration takes place (with 2 spraying) and, somehow, concentration is partially recovered (with 3 sprayings). (Fig.  {\ref 6a})\par
Since diesel is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons, changes observed in the properties of the samples are related to variations taking place in the ratio of those hydrocarbons. For the same kind of hydrocarbon, a higher number of carbon atoms leads to a higher heating value. The effect of mid-IR spraying favors the loss of the more volatile compounds (this is, those with lower molecular mass and therefore lower number of carbons). So, as the sample is more and more sprayed, the concentration of hydrocarbons with a higher number of carbons increases, and the heating value of the sample rises leading to a lower consumption. For the same reason, these changes in composition could improve combustion and thus reduce the pollutants produced as suggested before. 
\section[{ii. FTIR -Gasoline}]{ii. FTIR -Gasoline}\par
A broad peak due to O-H stretching at 3400-3600 cm -1 is observed. This indicates the presence of the phenolic group. C-H stretching at 2924 cm -1 due to -CH 2 , CH 3 of saturated hydrocarbon. The peak at 1700 cm -1 is due to C=O stretching which overlaps in the control sample and 3 sprayed samples. The peak at 1465 cm -1 is due to C=C str in the aromatic ring. The peak at 748 cm -1 is due to aromatic rings which are more intense in 1 and 2 sprayed samples than control. The increased intensity of the C=C stretching at 1465 cm -1 in sample 1 sprayed and 2 sprayed samples, and increased intensity of -C-H stretching in all the sprayed samples. Compared to the control indicates that photochemical transformation is happening and 
\section[{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}]{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 
\section[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}\par
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed from benzene derivatives. The higher intensity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon makes the sprayed sample more homogeneous and better quality compared to the control. (Fig.  {\ref 6b}) 
\section[{iii. FTIR -Kerosene}]{iii. FTIR -Kerosene}\par
There is a broad peak due to O-H stretching at 3400-3600 cm -1 which indicates the presence of the phenolic group. The peak intensity due to O-H str is decreased in 2, 3, and 4 sprayed samples in comparison to control. However, the peak intensity is higher in 1 sprayed sample. The peak at 2854.64 cm -1 , 2924 cm -1, and 2954 cm -1 is due to C-H stretching of -CH 2 , CH 3 of saturated hydrocarbons. The intensity of this peak is higher in 4 sprayed samples and is decreased in 3 sprayed samples. The peak at 1751 cm -1 is due to C=O stretching which disappears in 3 sprayed samples. The peak at 1465 cm -1 is due to C-C str in the aromatic ring which is not present in 3 sprayed samples. The peak at 1188 cm -1 is due to C-O str being found in all except 3 sprayed samples. This peak overlaps in 2 and 4 sprayed samples. The peak at 748 cm -1 is removed in 3 sprayed samples which indicates the amount of unsaturation is decreased after 3 sprayings. (Fig.  {\ref 6c})\par
The increased intensity of -C-H stretching in all samples. Compared to control indicates that photochemical transformation 17 is happening and mono-substituted and para-substituted benzene molecules are converted to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 
\section[{c) Proton NMR Spectra i. Proton NMR -Diesel}]{c) Proton NMR Spectra i. Proton NMR -Diesel}\par
Significant variations in the integral values of some regions are observed, pointing to changes in the concentration of some chemical species. If the most volatile compounds are reduced upon MIRGA spraying, the signals originated by them in the NMR spectra will have a lower integral value. The most volatile compounds are expected to be aliphatic molecules with a low number of carbons and thus their signals will be located between 0.3 and 2.1 ppm. Unfortunately, it is difficult to observe a clear diminution of the integral value, because of the high overlapping. The high number of present species causes that in every region signals of very diverse molecules are present (Fig.  {\ref 7a}). For example, in the aliphatic region not only the signals from simple aliphatic molecules present but also aliphatic moieties from more complex hydrocarbons are also there. For this reason, it is a complex task to drag a clear correlation between changes observed in sample properties and variations in the integration of NMR signals. However, those changes are directly related to changes in the concentration of the present chemical species and undoubtedly this has an impact on the proportion between diesel components that ultimately affects its properties. 
\section[{ii. Proton NMR -Gasoline}]{ii. Proton NMR -Gasoline}\par
The 1H NMR spectra reveal the presence of a three-proton singlet at ?2.2 for a CH 3 group on an aromatic ring, two peaks each of three-proton intensity at ?0.8-0.9 for CH 3 . It also shows a group at ?1.2. The CH 3 group resonances are attributed to the different CH 3 groups. To distinguish between the 3 subsamples, the peak integral of each sample was normalized. The number of CH 3 aliphatic groups is the same in all samples. However, there is a reduction in the number of CH 3 aromatic upon MRGA spraying i.e. 50\% reduction from 4 in the Control to 2 in all the sprayed samples (Fig.  {\ref 7b}). This suggests changes in the aromatic component which could be responsible for the reduced pollutant in gasoline. 
\section[{iii. Proton NMR -Kerosene}]{iii. Proton NMR -Kerosene}\par
The 1H NMR spectra reveal the presence of a three-proton singlet for the CH 3 group in aromatic rings, and the peak of three-proton intensity at ?0.9 for CH 3 . It also shows the CH 2 group at ?1.2. The CH 3 group resonances are attributed to the different CH 3 groups. In order to distinguish between the 3 sub-samples, the peak integral of each sample was normalized. The number of CH 3 aliphatic groups is the same in all samples. However, there is a clear reduction in the number of CH 3 aromatic upon MIRGA spraying (reduced significantly from 8 in the Control sample to 1 in all the sprayed samples) (Fig.  {\ref 7c}). This suggests changes in the aromatic component which could be responsible for the reduced pollutant in the kerosene. 
\section[{VI. Benefits and Future Prospects of Mirga}]{VI. Benefits and Future Prospects of Mirga}\par
1. An average of 30\% of the natural resource has been demonstrated to be saved, and associated pollution is reduced. 2. Clear restoration of a cleaner environment and health issues reduction. 3. Efficient engine functioning and found to operate smoothly. 4. Old motor engines performed nearly as well as recent models in fuel consumption and toxic emission reduction. 5. One spraying series is enough for an entire fuel tank / LPG cylinder until exhausted. 6. Increased electricity generation, enhancing economic efficiency. 7. More utility days of LPG hence economy. 
\section[{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}]{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 
\section[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I}\par
Year 20249 © 2024 Global Journals\par
Compared with control data, all the instrumentation data suggested that MIRGA spraying has altered chemical bonding, chemical composition, configuration, and compound transformation leading to alteration in molecular characteristics. 
\section[{VII. Discussion a) Action of MIRGA emitted 2-6 µm mid-IR on Fuels}]{VII. Discussion a) Action of MIRGA emitted 2-6 µm mid-IR on Fuels}\par
MIRGA was designed to generate 2-6 µm mid-IR and alter targets chemical bond parameters thereby to produce more beneficial effects  {\ref Umakanthan et}  The composition/ properties of hydrocarbons the performance and emission of the internal combustion engine. Fuel additives influence the properties of the fuels hence additive research dynamic. Gaseous, liquid, and solid (Metal and carbon-based) additives are now in use. Using these additives in diesel and gasoline engines various studies were done as cited by \hyperref[b2]{(Abdellatief et al., 2021;}\hyperref[b3]{Daud et al., 2022)}. They used B20, diesel, biodiesel, diesel ethanol, diesel methanol, etc. in diesel engines; and bio ethanol, prenol, furan mixture, dimate (isohexane), isooctene (di-isobutylene) in gasoline engine. And full load with different RPM, constant speed, and different blends with various load were employed. They studied the performance viz power, BTE, BSFC, and torque. The net emission result was inconsistent with their limitations. Among all additives tried to date Graphene nanoplatelets additive is found to be promising but this research is still insufficient \hyperref[b3]{(Daud et al., 2022)} engine hybridization \hyperref[b24]{(Schifter et al., 2020)} biofuel, electric vehicle \hyperref[b25]{(Pattanaik et al., 2017 and}\hyperref[b26]{Cano et al., 2018)} studies also showed inconsistent result and limitations. Turbocharging is a better technology but it has increased the demands on the detonation resistance of fuel \hyperref[b27]{(Alabas et al., 2020)}.\par
Comparing these studies, MIRGA techniques also seem to be favorable hence may be placed as one of the fuel additive. It also seems that except for MIRGA technology no literature or techniques are available to improve the electricity generation and LPG utility days. MIRGA sprayer is user-friendly and economical. A MIRGA sprayer that emits 300 sprayings approximately costs USD 0.3. 
\section[{VIII. Conclusion}]{VIII. Conclusion}\par
In summary, we have shown that applying 2-6 µm wavelength range mid-infrared rays to liquid and gaseous fuels. The mid-IR caused photode gradation of the fuels. There by considerably lower their overall consumption and simultaneously associated pollution at affordable cost. An average of 30\% of the natural resource has been demonstrated to be saved. Furthermore, irradiated gasoline generated more (28\%) electricity. This technology is demonstrated to be safe and economical for practical use, as well as beneficial to the environment and reduces human health risks. In the future unique features of MIRGA technology and research on similar resources may shed more light on potential avenues for manipulating fuels more desirable.\par
Supplementary Text T1: Detailed Discussion 1. Detailed Discussion  {\ref [1]} 1 
\section[{.1 Invention Background}]{.1 Invention Background}\par
The four observable states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) are composed of intermolecular and intramolecular bonds. The inherent characteristics of neutrons, protons and electrons are unique, however, differences in their numbers are what constitute different atoms, and how these atoms bind together develops into different molecules with unique characteristics. In the electromagnetic wave (EMW) spectrum, the mid-IR region is vital and interesting for many applications since this region coincides with the internal vibration of most molecules  {\ref [2]}. Almost all thermal radiation on the surface of the Earth lies in the mid-IR region, indeed, 66\% of the Sun's energy we receive infrared  {\ref [3]} and is absorbed and radiated by all particles on the Earth. At the molecular level, the interaction of mid-IR wavelength energy elicits rotational and vibrational modes (from about 4500-500 cm -1 , roughly 2.2 to 20 microns) through a change in the dipole movement, leading to chemical bond alterations  {\ref [4]}.\par
During our research we have observed: (A) In all objects, even though atoms always remain as atoms, their chemical bond parameters are continuously prone to alteration by cosmic and physical energies (e.g.: EMW, heat, pressure, and humidity) causing the bonds to compress/stretch/bend  {\ref [5]} {\ref [6]} {\ref [7]} {\ref [8]}, break  {\ref [9,} {\ref 10]}, or new bonds to be formed  {\ref [11]}. These alterations ultimately lead to changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the objects. (B) The dynamic, constant, and mutual influences of EMW among the Earth and the celestial and living bodies are continuously causing alterations in the inherent physiochemical characters of earthly objects, for instance, enhancement due to an optimum dose of energy or decrease/destruction due to a high dose of energy (detailed below). Thus, based on these concepts, MIRGA was developed to alter the bond parameters, thereby potentiating the natural characteristics of products. 
\section[{MIRGA Definition}]{MIRGA Definition}\par
We define MIRGA as 'a harmless, economical atomizer containing an imbalanced ratio of ions suspended in water, which influence the natural potency of target substances by generating mid-IR while spraying'. 
\section[{Technique of Mid-IR Generation from MIRGA}]{Technique of Mid-IR Generation from MIRGA}\par
We designed MIRGA as to accommodate an imbalanced ratio of ions suspended in water in their fundamental state, which can move as free particles. The solution exhibits very little detectable background frequency, below even that of cosmic events. By comparison humans emit more radioactivity (around 10 microns)  {\ref [12,} {\ref 13]}. We designed MIRGA to generate energy based on various processes such as: (A) spraying leads to ionization (electrons getting separated from atoms) and many pathways for electron reabsorption; due to these two oscillatory processes, energy is generated; (B) while spraying, a water-based ionic solution gets excited/charged, which in turn leads to oscillation among the imbalanced ions  {\ref [14]} in their excited state, resulting in the emission of photons  {\ref [15,} {\ref 16]}; (C)although a low electromagnetic field exists between the charged particles of the MIRGA's ionic solution, during spraying the induced oscillation between these charged particles produces energy  {\ref [17]} {\ref [18]} {\ref [19]} {\ref [20]} {\ref [21]}; and (D) in the natural rainfall process, more energy is required to break the water bonds for creating smaller water droplets  {\ref [22]}. Therefore, these droplets should have more stored energy, which then travels down at velocity from a specific distance, thus gaining kinetic energy. When the rain hits the Earth's surface, it forms a very thin film of mid-IR (nearly 6 micron), hence there is a net heat gain  {\ref [22,} {\ref 23]}. We simulated this rainfall's energy-gaining process in MIRGA (i.e., when imbalanced ions in liquid media are atomized, the ejected smaller droplets should have higher internal energy as well as acquired kinetic energy, and the energy emitted by breaking the surface tension). From trial and error, we calibrated the ejection pressure to obtain a desired fine mist, and minimized the evaporation rate by altering the pH and density of the solution. Moreover, the accelerated ions in the sprayed ionic clouds collide among themselves and generate energy  {\ref [24]}, thus, we incorporated these phenomena in our atomizer and designed it in such a way as to emit energy in the 2-6 µm mid-IR depending on the given plunger pressure.\par
Yousif et al.  {\ref [25]} described this process as a photo dissociation of molecules caused by the absorption of photons from sunlight, including those of infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet light, leading to changes in the molecular structure. 
\section[{Safety of MIRGA-Sprayed Products}]{Safety of MIRGA-Sprayed Products}\par
In our nearly two-decades of research, we have observed that MIRGA-induced bond-altered target substances do not show any adverse reaction upon consumption/use. In nature, (A) Stereochemical configuration has great influence on taste  {\ref [26]} (e.g., varieties of mango, grapes, rice, etc.), (B) Cooking and digestive enzymes break chemical bonds, thereby softening foods. This indicates that alterations in chemical bonds occur naturally and do not represent a risk to human health. As an example, boiled rice, puffed rice, flat rice, and rice flour have a unique aroma, taste, texture, and shelf-life but conserving the same molecular formula (C 6 H 10 O 5 ). (C) In the food industry, sensory attributes and shelf-life are enhanced by altering the food's chemical bonds using various irradiation processes like radappertization, radicidation, and radurization  {\ref [27]}. (D) Upon heating, water changes from ice to liquid to steam, which are manifestations of changes in the hydrogen bonds  {\ref [28]} but the chemical composition (H 2 O) remains the same \hyperref[b58]{[29]}. 
\section[{MIRGA's Primeval and Future Scope}]{MIRGA's Primeval and Future Scope}\par
The water-based MIRGA could be the first novel potentiating technology. This type of atomizer technology also seems to be present with the extraterrestrials for their therapeutic use during visitations \hyperref[b59]{[30]}.\par
In various products, we have achieved a range from 30\% to 173\% potentiation. Even the smaller improvement resulted in 30\% monetary and resource savings as well as health benefits. However, there is a knowledge gap between potentiation from 30\% to at least 100\% for all products, which can be filled-up by refining MIRGA's ionic solution, concentration, atomizer pressure, and other parameters and even formulating a better solution.\par
Various mid-IR emitters are now available (e.g., silicon photonic devices \hyperref[b60]{[31]}, cascade lasers quantum and interband \hyperref[b61]{[32]}, non-cascade-based lasers, chalcogenide fiber-based photonic devices \hyperref[b62]{[33]}, and suspended-core tellurium-based chalcogenide fiber photonic devices \hyperref[b63]{[34]}). These emitters are not as costeffective as MIRGA and are useful only in astronomy, military, medicine, industry, and research applications. These emitters are too complex for domestic application by the average user.\par
Because of MIRGA's wide range of applications, we believe that this technique will resonate in many scientific fields including biophotonics, therapeutics, health, ecology, and others. We are currently conducting research on MIRGA and its applications, namely MIRGA salt, MIRGA vapor and MIRGA plasma.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3a}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 3a :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4a}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 4a :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4b}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 4b :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{56}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5471264367816092\textwidth}P{0.048850574712643674\textwidth}P{0.07816091954022988\textwidth}P{0.12701149425287356\textwidth}P{0.048850574712643674\textwidth}}
0.06ml\tabcellsep which\tabcellsep contains\tabcellsep approximately\tabcellsep seven\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{quintillion cations and eleven quintillion anions.}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0};}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7579545454545454\textwidth}P{0.09204545454545454\textwidth}}
(Bruker-Biospin, Switzerland). The samples were\tabcellsep \\
dissolved in CDCl 3. The chemical shifts (?) were\tabcellsep \\
calibrated concerning TMS. All 1D spectra were\tabcellsep \\
acquired with 32K data points. Typical acquisition\tabcellsep \\
parameters for the 1 H NMR experiments were as\tabcellsep \\
follows: acquisition time 1.58 s, spectral width 10330 Hz,\tabcellsep \\
pulse width 3.5 µs (flip angle ?30 ?), relaxation delay 1s,\tabcellsep \\
and number of scans 32.\tabcellsep \\
III. Trails Conducted\tabcellsep \\
a) Diesel and Gasoline Trial\tabcellsep \\
i. Method I Control -Each vehicle's fuel tank was filled with a specific brand and quantity of fuel and tested on different loads and road conditions. The specific fuel consumption (SFC), exhaust smoke, and other\tabcellsep Year 2024\\
emissions were all recorded.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid- Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.04003623188405797\textwidth}P{0.10778985507246377\textwidth}P{0.7021739130434782\textwidth}}
Sl. No.\tabcellsep Exhaust\tabcellsep Result\\
1\tabcellsep Consumption\tabcellsep 30-50 \% reduced\\
2\tabcellsep CO\tabcellsep 20-61\% reduced\\
3\tabcellsep CO 2\tabcellsep 1-29\% reduced, in some vehicles increased\\
4\tabcellsep NOx\tabcellsep 15-60\% reduced\\
5\tabcellsep Oxygen\tabcellsep 0.5-62\% increase. In some vehicles, both CO 2 and O 2 emissions were found to increase.\\
6\tabcellsep HC\tabcellsep 2-59\% reduced, but in some vehicles increased\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.268018018018018\textwidth}P{0.09699699699699699\textwidth}P{0.484984984984985\textwidth}}
Sl. No.\tabcellsep Exhaust\tabcellsep Result\\
1\tabcellsep Consumption\tabcellsep 12-58\% reduced\\
2\tabcellsep CO\tabcellsep 12-68\% reduced\\
3\tabcellsep CO 2\tabcellsep 1-29\% reduced\\
4\tabcellsep NOx\tabcellsep 2-23\% reduced\\
5\tabcellsep Oxygen\tabcellsep 2-52\% increased\\
6\tabcellsep HC\tabcellsep 5-65\% reduced, but some engines showed a slight increase\\
8\tabcellsep RPM\tabcellsep 16\% increased, some engines showed a slight decrease\\
b) Kerosene\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Depending on the instrument model, 35-80\% consumption is reduced.}\\
c) Electricity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.427972027972028\textwidth}P{0.42202797202797204\textwidth}}
Before spraying (Control)\tabcellsep After 1 spraying (Trial)\\
Time of Running: 17.22 min\tabcellsep Time of Running: 22.08 min\\
Fuel consumed: 100 ml\tabcellsep Fuel consumed: 100 ml\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13361204013377925\textwidth}P{0.4861204013377926\textwidth}P{0.011371237458193979\textwidth}P{0.042642140468227424\textwidth}P{0.025585284280936454\textwidth}P{0.042642140468227424\textwidth}P{0.028428093645484948\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}}
Burner type\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{B x 1 o C Bs As Df Imp\% Bs EL 1 (Elliptical flame) o C Li 1 (Linear flame) o C As Df Imp\% Bs As Df Imp\% Bs As Whole flame temperature o C Df Imp\%}\\
Large sized burner\tabcellsep 219 220 1\tabcellsep 0.45\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{144 168 24 16}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{158 155 -3 -2}\tabcellsep 206 331 125 60\\
Small sized burner\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{202 234 32 15}\tabcellsep 99\tabcellsep 171 72 73\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 177 93 110\tabcellsep 188 305 117 62\end{longtable} \par
 
\begin{quote}
Bs -Before spray, As -After spray, Df -difference, Imp -Improvement percent\end{quote}

\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2024\\
6\\
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I\\
© 2024 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid- Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}\end{figure}
 			\label{foot_0}\footnote{\label{foot_0} © 2024 Global Journals} 			\label{foot_1}\footnote{\label{foot_1} Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Funding}]{Funding}\par
This study received no specific funding. 			  			 
\subsection[{Author Contributions Umakanthan:}]{Author Contributions Umakanthan:}\par
Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Funding.\par
Madhu Mathi: Investigation, Data curation, Visualization, Writing -Original draft preparation.\par
Umadevi, Sivaramakrishnan: Project administration, Resources, Writing-Reviewing and Editing. 
\subsection[{Data and Materials Availability}]{Data and Materials Availability}\par
All data is available in the manuscript and supplementary materials. 
\subsection[{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive}]{Technology of Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction, and Enhanced Electricity Generation using Mid-Infrared Rays -A Laser Additive} 
\subsection[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( I ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}\par
Conflict of Interest In accordance with the journal's policy and our ethical obligation as researchers, we submit that the authors Dr.  {\ref Umakanthan}  			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Eniday ()]{b52}\label{b52} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Eniday 		.  		 \url{https://www.eniday.com/en/sparks\textunderscore en/harnessing-the-energy-of-rain/}  		2019. p. 2.  	 
\bibitem[
			Mohan
		]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		 			Mohan 		.  		\textit{\%20Organic\%20Spectroscopy\%3A\%20Princ iples\%20and\%20Applications\&f=false},  		 	 
\bibitem[Daud et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘A review of fuel additives' effects and predictions on internal combustion engine performance and emissions’.  		 			Sarbani Daud 		,  		 			Mohd Adnin Hamidi 		,  		 			Rizalman Mamat 		.  	 	 		\textit{AIMS Energy}  		2022. 10  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Aboud et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		 			S Aboud 		,  		 			A Altemimi 		,  		 			A Al-Hilphy 		,  		 			Y C Lee 		,  		 			F Cacciola 		.  	 	 		\textit{Molecules A Comprehensive Review References Références Referencias on Infrared Heating Applications in Food Processing},  		2019. 24 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Alvarez and Prieto ()]{b33}\label{b33} 	 		 			Avelion Alvarez 		,  		 			Miguel Prieto 		.  		\textit{Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in Food Microbiology},  		2012. Springer Science \& Business Media. p. 3.  	 
\bibitem[Krishnakumar ()]{b53}\label{b53} 	 		\textit{Application Of Microwave Heating In Food Industry},  		 			T Krishnakumar 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27035.72488}{10.13140/RG.2.2.27035.72488}.  		2019.  	 
\bibitem[Barry and Chorley ()]{b51}\label{b51} 	 		 			Roger Barry 		,  		 			Richard Chorley 		.  		\textit{Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 7th edition},  		 (Routledge, London)  		1998. p. 51.  	 
\bibitem[Kongbam and Singh ()]{b48}\label{b48} 	 		\textit{Basic Physics, PHL Learning Private Limited},  		 			Chandramani Kongbam 		,  		 			Singh 		.  		2009. New Delhi. p. 413.  	 
\bibitem[Cano et al. ()]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		‘Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets’.  		 			Z P Cano 		,  		 			D Banham 		,  		 			S Ye 		.  		 41560-018-0108-1.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s}  	 	 		\textit{Nat Energy}  		2018. 3 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Tsai and Hamblin ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation’.  		 			S R Tsai 		,  		 			M Hamblin 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology}  		2017. 170 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Moss ()]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		\textit{Biomedical Applications of Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy: A Practical Approach},  		 			David Moss 		.  		2011. UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 58.  	 
\bibitem[Blue planet project: Alien Technical research-25 Office of the Central Research #3.CODE: ARAMISIII-ADR3-24SM]{b59}\label{b59} 	 		‘Blue planet project: Alien Technical research-25’.  	 	 		\textit{Office of the Central Research \#3.CODE: ARAMISIII-ADR3-24SM},  		 (Westchester Camp)  		p. .  	 
\bibitem[CMOSET 2012: Abstracts]{b60}\label{b60} 	 		 \url{https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3XVYC-yBgksC\&pg=PA49\&dq=mid+infra\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false}  		\textit{CMOSET 2012: Abstracts},  		49.  		 			CMOS Emerging Technologies 		 	 
\bibitem[Pople ()]{b50}\label{b50} 	 		\textit{Complete Physics},  		 			Stephen Pople 		.  		1999. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 166.  	 
\bibitem[Umakanthan ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		\textit{Decaffeination and improvement of taste, flavor and health safety of coffee and tea using mid-infrared wavelength rays},  		 			Mathi M Umakanthan 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11338}{10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11338}.  		2022. 8.  	 	 (Heliyon, e11338) 
\bibitem[Umakanthan ()]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		\textit{Decaffeination and improvement of taste, flavor and health safety of coffee and tea using mid-infrared wavelength rays},  		 			Mathi M Umakanthan 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11338}{10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11338}.  		2022. 8.  	 	 (Heliyon, e11338) 
\bibitem[Day ()]{b57}\label{b57} 	 		\textit{Ecosystems: Oceans},  		 			Trevor Day 		.  		1999. London and New York. p. 44.  	 
\bibitem[Kozlovskiy and Zdorovets ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		‘Effect of doping of Ce4+/3+ on optical, strength and shielding properties of’.  		 			A L Kozlovskiy 		,  		 			M V Zdorovets 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124444}{10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124444}.  		 0.5-x) TeO2-0.25 MoO-0.25.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124444}  	 	 		\textit{Materials Chemistry and Physics}  		2021. 263 p. 124444.  	 	 (Bi2O3-xCeO2 glasses) 
\bibitem[Zhang et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Effect of gasoline aromatic compositions coupled with single and double injection strategy on GDI engine combustion and emissions’.  		 			W Zhang 		,  		 			X Ma 		,  		 			S Shuai 		,  		 			K Wu 		,  		 			J R Macias 		,  		 			Y Shen 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118308}{10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118308}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118308}  	 	 		\textit{Fuel}  		2020. 278 p. 118308.  	 
\bibitem[Krishania et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Effect of microalgae, tyre pyrolysis oil and Jatropha biodiesel enriched with diesel fuel on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine’.  		 			N Krishania 		,  		 			U Rajak 		,  		 			T N Verma 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118252}{10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118252}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118252}  	 	 		\textit{Fuel}  		2020. 278 p. 118252.  	 
\bibitem[Raven et al. ()]{b41}\label{b41} 	 		\textit{Environment},  		 			Peter H Raven 		,  		 			Linda R Berg 		,  		 			David M Hassenzahl 		.  		 \url{https://books.google.co}  		2012. John Wiley \& Sons, Inc. p. 45.  	 	 (USA. in/books?id=QVpO2R51JBIC\&pg=RA1-PA4 5\&dq=electromagnetic+waves+make+form+new +bonds\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwiTnO2amM bjAhUJ3o8KHSfkAJEQ6AEIMjAB\#v=onepage\&q= electromagnetic\%20waves\%20make\%20form\%20ne w\%20bonds\&f=false) 
\bibitem[Alabas¸ et al. ()]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		‘Experimental investigation of the oxygen enrichment in synthetic gases flames’.  		 			B Alabas¸ 		,  		 			G Tunç 		,  		 			M Tas¸tan 		,  		 			?i Yilmaz 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117482.ReferencesRéférencesReferencias}{10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117482.ReferencesRéférencesReferencias}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117482.ReferencesRéférencesReferencias}  	 	 		\textit{Fuel}  		2020. 270.  	 
\bibitem[Dukenbayev et al. ()]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		‘Fe3O4 nanoparticles for complex targeted delivery and boron neutron capture therapy’.  		 			K Dukenbayev 		,  		 			I V Korolkov 		,  		 			D I Tishkevich 		,  		 			A L Kozlovskiy 		,  		 			S V Trukhanov 		,  		 			Y G Gorin 		,  		 			E E Shumskaya 		,  		 			E Y Kaniukov 		,  		 			D A Vinnik 		,  		 			M V Zdorovets 		,  		 			M Anisovich 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040494}{10.3390/nano9040494}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040494}  	 	 		\textit{Nanomaterials}  		2019. 9  (4)  p. 494.  	 
\bibitem[FIgKHXvRCpIQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Jag%20]{b37}\label{b37} 	 		\textit{FIgKHXvRCpIQ6AEIKjAA\#v=onepage\&q=Jag\%20},  		 	 
\bibitem[Sivasankar ()]{b56}\label{b56} 	 		\textit{Food Processing and preservation, PHI Learning Private Limited},  		 			B Sivasankar 		.  		2014. Delhi. 246.  	 
\bibitem[Mcmakin ()]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		\textit{Frequency specific Microcurrent in pain management E-book},  		 			Carolyn Mcmakin 		.  		2011. China: Elsevier. p. 30.  	 
\bibitem[Raymond ()]{b58}\label{b58} 	 		\textit{General Organic and Biological Chemistry},  		 			Kenneth W Raymond 		.  		2010. John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., USA. p. 176.  	 	 (3rd edition) 
\bibitem[Girard ()]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		 			J E Girard 		.  		\textit{Principles of Environmental Chemistry},  		2014. Jones \& Bartlett Learning, USA. p. 99.  	 	 (third ed.) 
\bibitem[Grand view research, LPG Market Size Projected To Reach $147.76 Billion By 2024 ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{Grand view research, LPG Market Size Projected To Reach \$147.76 Billion By 2024},  		 \url{https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-lpg-market}  		2016. 2019. p. 3.  	 
\bibitem[Sincore et al. ()]{b62}\label{b62} 	 		‘High power single-mode delivery of mid-infrared sources through chalcogenide fiber’.  		 			A Sincore 		,  		 			Justin \& Cook 		,  		 			Felix \& El Tan 		,  		 			Ahmed \& Halawany 		,  		 			A Riggins 		,  		 			S Mcdaniel 		,  		 			G Cook 		,  		 			Martyshkin 		,  		 			V V Dmitry \& Fedorov 		,  		 			Mirov 		,  		 			Sergey 		,  		 			L Shah 		,  		 			A Abouraddy 		,  		 			M Richardson 		,  		 			Kenneth Schepler 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.007313}{10.1364/oe.26.007313}.  	 	 		\textit{Optics Express}  		2018. 26  (6)  p. 7313.  	 
\bibitem[Tishkevich et al. ()]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		‘Immobilization of boron-rich compound on Fe3O4 nanoparticles: stability and cytotoxicity’.  		 			D I Tishkevich 		,  		 			I V Korolkov 		,  		 			A L Kozlovskiy 		,  		 			M Anisovich 		,  		 			D A Vinnik 		,  		 			A E Ermekova 		,  		 			A I Vorobjova 		,  		 			E E Shumskaya 		,  		 			T I Zubar 		,  		 			S V Trukhanov 		,  		 			M V Zdorovets 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.075}{10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.075}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.075}  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Alloys and Compounds}  		2019. 797 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Umakanthan and Mathi ()]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		‘Increasing saltiness of salts (NaCl) using mid-infrared radiation to reduce the health hazards’.  		 			T Umakanthan 		,  		 			M Mathi 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3342}{10.1002/fsn3.3342}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3342}  	 	 		\textit{Food Science \& Nutrition}  		2023c. 11 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Schifter et al. ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Influence of gasoline olefin and aromatic content on exhaust emissions of 15\% ethanol blends’.  		 			I Schifter 		,  		 			L Díaz 		,  		 			G S´anchez-Reyna 		,  		 			C Gonz´alez-Macías 		,  		 			U Gonz´alez 		,  		 			R Rodríguez 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116950}{10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116950}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116950}  	 	 		\textit{Fuel}  		2020. 265 p. 116950.  	 
\bibitem[Smith ()]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		\textit{Infrared Spectral Interpretation: A Systematic Approach},  		 			Brian C Smith 		.  		1999. LLC, 7: CRC Press.  	 
\bibitem[Almessiere et al. ()]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘Investigation of exchange coupling and microwave properties of hard/soft’.  		 			M A Almessiere 		,  		 			N A Algarou 		,  		 			Y Slimani 		,  		 			A Sadaqat 		,  		 			A Baykal 		,  		 			A Manikandan 		,  		 			S V Trukhanov 		,  		 			A V Trukhanov 		,  		 			I Ercan 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100186}{10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100186}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100186}  	 	 		\textit{Materials Today Nano}  		2022. 18  (2O4)  p. 100186.  	 	 () x nanocomposites) 
\bibitem[Keping and Yu]{b45}\label{b45} 	 		 			Sun Keping 		,  		 			Gefei Yu 		.  		\textit{Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Applied Electrostatics},  		 (the Fifth International Conference on Applied Electrostatics)  		Elsevier Ltd., UK. p. 87.  	 	 (Recent developments in Applied Electrostatics (ICAES2004) 
\bibitem[Lam et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Kerosene : a Review of Household uses and their hazards in low-and idle Income Countries’.  		 			N L Lam 		,  		 			K R Smith 		,  		 			A Gauthier 		,  		 			M N Bates 		.  	 	 		\textit{J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev}  		2012. 15  (6)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Collins ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Kerosene Lamps are an important Target for reducing Indoor Air pollution and climate Emissions’.  		 			K Collins 		.  	 	 		\textit{A new Briefing Note on SLCPs and Kerosene Lamps by the CCAC Scientific Advisory Panel},  		2014.  	 
\bibitem[Ashcroft ()]{b42}\label{b42} 	 		\textit{Life at the Extremes: The Science of Survival},  		 			Frances Ashcroft 		.  		2000. California: University of California Press. p. 122.  	 
\bibitem[Kenneth et al. ()]{b55}\label{b55} 	 		\textit{Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6th edition},  		 			L Kenneth 		,  		 			Katherine M Williamson 		,  		 			Masters 		.  		2011. Brooks/ Cole C engage learning, CA. p. 720.  	 
\bibitem[Waynant et al. ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘Mid-infrared laser applications in medicine biology’.  		 			R W Waynant 		,  		 			I K Ilev 		,  		 			I Gannot 		.  	 	 		\textit{Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A}  		2001. 359 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Toor et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘Mid-infrared Lasers for Medical Applications: introduction to the feature issue’.  		 			F Toor 		,  		 			S Jackson 		,  		 			X Shang 		,  		 			S Arafin 		,  		 			H Yang 		.  	 	 		\textit{Biomed Opt Express}  		2018. 9  (12)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Wu et al. ()]{b63}\label{b63} 	 		‘Midinfrared supercontinuum generation in a suspended-core tellurium-based chalcogenide fiber’.  		 			Bo \& Wu 		,  		 			Zheming Zhao 		,  		 			Wang 		,  		 			Xunsi \& Tian 		,  		 			\& Youmei 		,  		 			Nan \& Mi 		,  		 			Chen 		,  		 			Zugang \& Peng \& Xue 		,  		 			Zijun \& Liu 		,  		 			Peiqing \& Zhang 		,  		 			Xiang \& Shen 		,  		 			Qiuhua \& Nie 		,  		 			Shaocong Dai 		,  		 			R P Wang 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.8.001341}{10.1364/ome.8.001341}.  	 	 		\textit{Optical Materials Express}  		2018. 8  (5)  p. 1341.  	 
\bibitem[Cordis ()]{b29}\label{b29} 	 		\textit{New advances in mid-infrared laser technology, Compact, highenergy, and wavelength-diverse coherent midinfrared source},  		 			Cordis 		.  		 \url{https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99977/brief/en}  		2019. p. 1.  	 	 (European commission) 
\bibitem[Jung et al. ()]{b61}\label{b61} 	 		‘Next-generation mid-infrared sources’.  		 			D Jung 		,  		 			S Bank 		,  		 			M L Lee 		,  		 			D Wasserman 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aa939b}{10.1088/2040-8986/aa939b}.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Optics}  		2017. 19  (12)  p. 123001.  	 
\bibitem[Prasad ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Optical communications in the mid-wave IR spectral band’.  		 			N Prasad 		.  	 	 		\textit{Springer Science Journal. Opt. Fiber commun. Rep}  		2005. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mohan ()]{b36}\label{b36} 	 		\textit{Organic Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, Alpha science international Ltd},  		 			Jag Mohan 		.  		 \url{https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fA08Uy5DR0QC\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=Jag+Mohan}  		2004. Harrow, UK. 19.  	 	 (+Or ganic+Spectroscopy:+Principles+and+Applicatio ns\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjHpcHUi9fgAhXX) 
\bibitem[Yousif and Haddad ()]{b54}\label{b54} 	 		\textit{Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review},  		 			E Yousif 		,  		 			R Haddad 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-398}{10.1186/2193-1801-2-398}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-398}  		2013. Springer Plus. 2 p. 398.  	 
\bibitem[Umakanthan and Mathi (2023)]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘Potentiation of Siddha medicine using Muppu (Universal Potentiator)’.  		 			Madhu Umakanthan 		,  		 			Mathi 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications}  		2023. July-Aug 2023. 8  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Prasad and Soul ()]{b49}\label{b49} 	 		 			Mathura Prasad 		,  		 			Soul 		.  		\textit{God and Buddha in Language of Science},  		 (Chennai)  		2017. Notion Press.  	 
\bibitem[Girard ()]{b32}\label{b32} 	 		\textit{Principles of Environmental Chemistry},  		 			James E Girard 		.  		2014. USA: Jones \& Bartlett Learning. p. 99.  	 	 (3rd edition) 
\bibitem[Umakanthan and Mathi ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		‘Quantitative reduction of heavy metals and caffeine in cocoa using mid-infrared spectrum irradiation’.  		 			T Umakanthan 		,  		 			M Mathi 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100861}{10.1016/j.jics.2022.100861}.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of the Indian Chemical Society}  		2022. 100  (1) .  	 
\bibitem[Abdellatief and Tamer ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Recent trends for introducing promising fuel components to enhance the anti-knock quality of gasoline: A systematic review’.  		 			Abdellatief 		,  		 			M M Tamer 		.  	 	 		\textit{Fuel}  		2021. 291 p. 120112.  	 
\bibitem[Dwivedi and Shankar ()]{b35}\label{b35} 	 		\textit{Remote Sensing of Soils},  		 			Ravi Dwivedi 		,  		 			Shankar 		.  		2017. Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH. p. 268.  	 
\bibitem[Sanders ()]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		\textit{Revealing the Heart of the Galaxy},  		 			Robert H Sanders 		.  		2014. USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 70.  	 
\bibitem[Salam et al. ()]{b30}\label{b30} 	 		 			A Salam 		,  		 			A H Ammar 		,  		 			L Asaad 		,  		 			C Yi-Chen 		,  		 			Francesco 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224125}{10.3390/molecules24224125}.  	 	 		\textit{Molecules A Comprehensive Review on Infrared Heating Applications in Food Processing},  		2019. 24 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kozlovskiy et al. ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Study of the effect of ion irradiation on increasing the photocatalytic activity of WO 3 microparticles’.  		 			A L Kozlovskiy 		,  		 			A Alina 		,  		 			M V Zdorovets 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-05130-8}{10.1007/s10854-020-05130-8}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-05130-8}  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics}  		2021. 32 p. .  	 
\bibitem[El-Shater et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		‘Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of Mn nanoferrites’.  		 			R E El-Shater 		,  		 			H El Shimy 		,  		 			S A Saafan 		,  		 			M A Darwish 		,  		 			D Zhou 		,  		 			A V Trukhanov 		,  		 			S V Trukhanov 		,  		 			F Fakhry 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166954}{10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166954}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166954}  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Alloys and Compounds}  		2022. 928 p. 166954.  	 
\bibitem[Pereira and Shulika ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Terahertz and Mid Infrared Radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications’.  		 			M F Pereira 		,  		 			O Shulika 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0769-6}{10.1007/978-94-007-0769-6}.  	 	 		\textit{Springer Science + Business Media B.V},  		 (The Netherlands)  		2011.  	 
\bibitem[Pattanaik et al. ()]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		‘The effect of oxygen content is soapnut biodiesel-diesel blends on performance of a diesel engine’.  		 			B P Pattanaik 		,  		 			J Jena 		,  		 			R D Misra 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame}{10.15282/ijame}.  		 14.3.2017.14.0361.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame}  	 	 		\textit{Int J Automot Mech Eng}  		2017. 14 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kalghatgi et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘The outlook for transport fuels: part 1’.  		 			G T Kalghatgi 		,  		 			C Gosling 		,  		 			M Wier 		.  	 	 		\textit{Petrol Technol Q}  		2016. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Fauchais et al. ()]{b46}\label{b46} 	 		\textit{Thermal Spray Fundamentals from Powder to Part},  		 			Pierre L Fauchais 		,  		 			Joachim V R Heberlein 		,  		 			I Maher 		,  		 			Boulos 		.  		2014. New York: Springer Science \& Business Media. p. 84.  	 
\bibitem[Verheest ()]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		\textit{Waves in Dusty Space Plasmas},  		 			Frank Verheest 		.  		2000. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 89.  	 
\bibitem[Wendish and Brenguier ()]{b47}\label{b47} 	 		 			Manfred Wendish 		,  		 			Jean-Louis Brenguier 		.  		 \url{https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tHdwhn-c}  	 	 		\textit{5m gC\&pg=PT419\&dq=A+regularly+oscillating+char ge+produces+a+harmonic+electromagnetic+wa ves+Manfred\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjBqdv 75tvgAhWpSxUIHbQ\textunderscore D0gQ6AEIKjAA\#v=onepage \&q=A\%20regularly\%20oscillating\%20charge\%20pr oduces\%20a\%20harmonic\%20electromagnetic\%20 waves\%20Manfred\&f=false},  		2019. Wiley-VCH. p. 2.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
